Hardware & Networking
After the course
1. can work as a hardware administrator
2. Software installations
3. Windows Installations
4. Partitions (create, delete, modify)
5. Can easily work with system files (io, Ntldr, NTDetect, DOS0
6. Can easily work with file system (NTFS,FAT)
7. Can do networking for Offices, Cyber, etc
8. Easily find out the problems and can troubleshoot them.
9. Can add/remove the major components of pc
10. Can do assemble and Dissemble of pc.
Computer?
1. Software
a. Application Software (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc)
b. Programming Software (VB, Java, C, C++)
c. Utilities Software (WinZip, Antivirus, Simple Programs)
2. Hardware
a. Major Components
b. Binary System (Hardware Language)
Hardware
Any piece of Devices in Computer is called hardware, or you can say physical parts of Computer is hardware, such as cd rom, floppy drive, pen drive, etc
It’s a part of hardware which has particular name and internally or externally can add to the computer, May their functions are different from each other, such as Modem, Sound Card, Pen Drive, etc
Means software of Device is called device driver, suppose you have recently added modem in your computer, now you have to install the driver of Modem Device to make work properly with your windows, that software is called device driver, Without device driver, device may not work properly, but now a days, windows xp or later version of windows auto installs the driver of Devices.
Types of Devices (according to size)
1. Internal devices
2. External Devices
These type of devices are plug or seat inside the cashing box and they are very sensitive and most give care then the external devices, they are plug or seat into the Motherboard slots or connect through data cables. Such as
Internal sound card, modem, Memory, Hard disk, is internal devices
Here, internal sound, modem and memory plug or seat into the slot and Hard disk connects to Motherboard through data cable.
These types of devices are plug or seat outside the cashing box and they are connect through USB, parallel port or serial port or through wireless Connectivity. Such as monitor, Printer, Keyboard, mouse, etc are External devices; all the external devices are connects directly or indirectly with motherboard.
Types of Devices according to Functions
(How does computer works)
1. Input devices
2. Processing Devices (units)
3. Output Devices
All the orders goes through Input Devices >> Calculates or Find the Solutions at Processing Unit >> Results, shows at Output Devices
Computer Encodes the Orders >> Computer Decodes the Results
Encodes in Binary, ASCII, and Decodes in Decimal and Characters.
Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Scanner, etc, keyboard is also called main input device.
1. Processor (CPU)
2. Memory(RAM)
1. Monitor / Projector
2. Printer
3. Speaker
(Monitor is also called soft output device and Printer is called hard output device)
Plug and Play Devices
It means those devices which is auto detects by the system and can work easily in the same time, such as CD ROM, Mouse, Monitor, Keyboard, Pen Drive, etc are Plug and play devices. Now days, all the devices are plug and play devices.
Non Plug and play devices
It means those type of devices which are needs to setup manually after adding them into the computer system, such as Printer, Joysticks, etc are Non plug and Play devices,
It stands for Universal serial bus which is mostly used and every devices has USB Port now a days, its every easy to plug and play, every external devices has USB Ports because we can easily can plug it in computer and can work with hassle free.
Cache Memory
In simple word cache can be defined as temporary memory. Most processors have an internal cache which stores frequently used data and instructions. Cache RAM and normal RAM are very similar in the way they work. Hard drives are very slow compared to the CPU. RAM is much faster than a hard drive, but still 4-5 times slower than your CPU. Also, RAM is erased if the power goes off. Cache RAM is extremely fast, it is capable of delivering data at or near the speed of the CPU. Cache is just extremely fast, and expensive.
L1 is cache memory that is located on the CPU. L2 is cache memory located outside the CPU.
Buses
Each processor has buses which work with it. The external bus, also called the system bus, allows the processor to connect with other devices such as expansion cards and devices.
Buses consist of two parts: data bus and address bus. The data bus transfers the information and the address bus tells where the information should go.
Safe Mode
This option uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start Windows. If the computer couldn’t start in normal mode then we can choose this option. To display the options, restart your computer and start pressing the F8 key on your keyboard
Disk Cleanup
There are so many unnecessary files and folders occupy some disk space.
It can affect the performance of the system. So it is better to remove it. To clean these files and folders follow below procedure:
à Open ‘My Computer’. There are local and removable drives displayed.
à Select the any local drive and go to the property page.
à On the ‘General’ tab there is button having caption ‘Disk cleanup’, just click on it.
àAfter that click on only ‘Ok’ and ‘Yes’.
(System will get little bit but important space.)
Virus
A Computer virus is a destructive program that can crash the system. There are three most common types of destructive computer programs are the Trojan horse, Logic bomb and the worm. The virus may be a memory resident waiting to be activated. Virus can corrupt the boot record and makes any application to malfunctioning. Some viruses affect the .exe and .com files. The virus can be spread by reading files from infected floppy or downloading files from the internet. Once activated, it will start to infect other system files and application files and the important data may be lost. Some viruses target some specific application and affects overall performance of the system.
Virus Removing tools
The virus can be cleaned from the system by using some virus removing tools. These tools can remove lots of viruses. It is a just another application, occupying some disk space and monitoring the system all the time system is on. Some tools monitor the e-mail and downloaded file from the internet, this called firewall. The virus removing programs have special instruction written in some script which checks the entire file and finds some danger words such as ‘Format’, ‘Delete’.
Removing virus
Virus removing process is easiest one. The process is described below.
àOpen the virus removing application.
à Finds out the system scan and begin the scan.
It also allows checking individual file, folder and drive.
à Right click on the file, folder or drive to be checked.
à Click on ‘Scan with Virus Remove’. And the scanning is started.
Registry:
The registry is a database maintained by windows operating system to store configuration information. Most programs stores information in registry during installation and use those information to look for setting and supporting files when program is running. A user can edit registry manually through start menu >> run >> regedit but user should be extremely cautious while editing the registry because any invalid entry in registry can cause mal function of the whole system so better option is to download software through which we can use registry. Registry contains following major sections:-
i) HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT-
ii) HKEY_CURRENT_USER
iii) HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
iv) HKEY_USER
v) HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
Measurement Unit of Computer
Generally we, measure the size of file / disk in Binary system.
4 bit = 1 nibble
8 bit = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 kb (kilo byte)
1024 Kb = 1 Mega byte
1024 mb = 1 gb (giga byte)
1024 gb = 1 tb (tera byte)
1024 tb = 1 pb (pera byte)
Major Components of PC
1. Motherboard
2. Processor (CPU)
3. Memory(RAM)
4. HDD
5. FDD
6. Keyboard
7. Mouse
8. Monitor
9. Printer
10. Scanner
11. AGP Card
12. Interfaces
a. Modem
b. Sound Card
c. Internal or External Devices
d. NIC (Network Interface Card) /LAN card / Ethernet Card
e. TV card
It is the main system BUS where directly or indirectly connects all the computer's internal or external devices. All the Sound, VGA(Video Graphic Adapter) Color, Communication and Network Ports, USB Ports, are directly connected with motherboard, It’s a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)where data pass through one port to another with Electronic Signal. It is also called main Hardware device of COMPUTER. There are different types of Board, according to the manufacturer
1. Intel Motherboard
2. Intel Chipset motherboard
3. MSI Motherboard (*****)
4. VIA Motherboard
Some Features that are attached with motherboard
1. Graphics Memory
2. USB Ports
3. Ethernet Controller ( Network Port)
4. Sound Port
5. Serial / Parallel Ports
6. Firewall Port
7. Modem
Know your Motherboard Details
1. From BIOS
2. From Windows
1. Restart the system or computer.
2. Press Del or F2 Alternately
3. Now it shows the Motherboard details
(if the driver of motherboard is installed properly then)
1. start >> run
2. Dxdiag 8
(Now it shows the details
System Manufacturer: - Intel
System Model: - Intel 845
(Click at Display to view the VGA Memory)
Get all information about your Computer
1. start >> run >> Dxdiag 8
2. click at save all information
3. Click at desktop, then read the saved text file, where you can get all the information about your computer system except Hard disk size.)
Some Available Models of Motherboard
815 / 810 Pentium III
845 / 865 / 915 / 945 / 965 / 946 later (Pentium IV)
(945 / 965 /865) Pin less Motherboard (means where pin less Processor can be used).
To View the Hardware Details
1. Rt. Click at my Computer
2. Click at Manage
3. click at Device Manager
4. Now at right side, it shows all the details
5. if the hardware list shown in yellow color that means, it needs to install the driver
6. click at +(plus) sing of every hardware to view its detail information
7. Click at disk management, to view the total drives and size of Hard disk.
Types of mother models according to features
1. Diagram of Motherboard
2. Name the Every Components of Motherboard
3. Describe Every components position and work
4. Diagram of PCI Cards , such as sound card, Modem, Ethernet card, etc
Central Processing Unit:-
At the heart of the computer is the motherboard and its heart is the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is responsible for most of the processing of software applications, directing of data traffic inside the computer, and other operations of the computer. CPU is a fixed device which is plug / seat into to the CPU slot in motherboard and it controls all the input & output of the computer. An example of a CPU is a Pentium III, IV, Core 2 Duo, Duo Core, Celeron, AMD, SUN Microsystems, etc.
The processor contains millions of transistors. The CPU is measured by its clock speed in MHz. One Megahertz is one million cycles per second. The first IBM PC CPU, the Intel 8088, ran at 4.77 MHz. Today’s PCs exceed 3 GHz (3,000 MHz!)
(Clock Speed: - Every digital circuit is given a fixed number of clock cycles to operate. It determines the number of instruction executed per second)
ROM
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a form of non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even there is no power. Read-only memory is just that, read only, it cannot be written to. The computer ROM contains the setup program and POST (Power On Self Test) software.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is a volatile type of memory which loses its information when power is not present. RAM is where your software and data is stored when your computer is on and you are actively using or accessing them. Primary function of RAM is to speed up the jobs and supply display to output device. There are different types of RAM available.
- SDRAM
- DDRAM
- DDRAM II
SDRAM These type of RAM were especially used in 810,815 & earlier version if 845 m/b
DDR These type of RAM were especially used in 845 and earlier version if 865 m/b
DDRII These type of RAM were especially used in late version of 845 &865, 945, 946, 965, and later version of m/b.
To know the total memory of PC:
Start >> run >> Dxdiag 8
OR
Right Click on My Computer >> Properties
Sizes of Memory:-
8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1024 MB(1 GB), 2048 MB(2 GB)
AGP / Express Graphic Slot
Where we seat or plug internal 3D Card / Graphic Card,
Why to add the Graphic / 3D card
1. Go add the more graphic memory
2. to remove the flicker display
3. to add the high color capacity
4. For actual Entertainment and Multimedia Purpose
5. specially used for high level Multimedia Programs, Games
6. Mostly used in Ad media Agencies, Video Editing Parlor, etc.
Different sizes of Graphics available in the Market, such as
32 MB Graphic card
64 MB graphic Card
128 MB Graphic Card
256 MB Graphic Card
512 MB Graphic card
1024 MB Graphic card, etc
You can get different manufacturer's Graphic card in the Market, such as
1. ATI Graphic Cards
2. NVIDIA Ge-force Graphic Card , etc
File System:
File system is the main key of windows to write the data on the Disk, without File System there is no Possibility to write the data on the drive, it means we can't install the Operating system so File system is a kind of system which is very essential for computer to install Operating System. We can Change/Create the File system
NTFS File System (New technology file System)
An advanced file system that provides performance, security, reliability, and advanced features that are not found in any version of FAT. For example, NTFS guarantees volume consistency by using standard transaction logging and recovery techniques. If a system fails, NTFS uses its log file and checkpoint information to restore the consistency of the file system. In Windows 2000 and Windows XP, NTFS also provides advanced features such as file and folder permissions, encryption, disk quotas, and compression.
A derivative of FAT is file allocation table file system. FAT32 supports smaller cluster sizes and larger volumes than FAT, which results in more efficient space allocation on FAT32 volumes.
Volume
An area of storage on a hard disk. Using a file system, such as FAT or NTFS, formats a volume and has a drive letter assigned to it. You can view the contents of a volume by clicking its icon in Windows Explorer or in My Computer. A single hard disk can have multiple volumes, and volumes can also span multiple disks.
Partition
A portion of a physical disk that functions as though it were a physically separate disk. After you create a partition, you must format it and assign it a drive letter before you can store data on it. On basic disks, partitions are known as basic volumes, which include primary partitions and logical drives. On dynamic disks, partitions are known as dynamic volumes, which include simple, striped, spanned, mirrored, and RAID-5 volumes.
Master Boot Record (MBR) :-
The first sector on a hard disk, which starts the process of booting the computer. The MBR contains the partition table for the disk and a small amount of executable code called the master boot code.
Right Click on Drive >> Properties
OR
Right Click on My computer >> Manage >> Disk Management
It means, windows 98 supports the file system of FAT32 but doesn’t supports / recognize the File system of NTFS,
Windows 2000 and later Operating system supports both FAT 32 & NTFS file system,
W2k recommended the file system of NTFS for better performance, reliability & security.
Convert FAT to NTFS:
Start > Run > CMD > Convert d: /fs:ntfs (Enter)
Device Manager
Run > DEVMGMT.MSC (Enter)
Or,
Rt. Click at My Computer > Manage > Device Manager
Or,
Rt. Click at My Computer > Properties > Hardware > Device Manager
It is very common window where all the hardware devices are located. It can gather the information of hardware devices. It also finds out the problematic hardware devices, disable devices and system resources conflict.
1 X(Red Cross): Disable > Simply Rt. Click > Enable
2 ?/! (Yellow): Problem from driver > Rt. Click at related device > Update Driver > Provide the location of driver software.
3 No marks: Properly running > no action
Hard Disk:
This device can be defined as primary storage device of the computer where all our data including Operating System is stored. There are two types of HDD available in market
SATA port & PATA port. Size of a HDD is measured in MB / GB
10 GB / 20 Gb/ 40 GB / 80 Gb/60 GB, etc
Hard disk can be divided into various numbers of local drives for easy working and managing the files. (c:\, d:\, e:\, etc) which are called local drives and letters (c,d,e) are just assigned letter to drives.
Suppose I have a 80GB HDD which I want to make 4 partitions, now lets see e.g.
C:\ à 12000 MB (Primary Partition)
(Remaining 68000 MB is Extended Partition)
D:\ à 20000 MB, E:\ à48000 MB
(Now D:\ & E:\ are called logical drives)
To know the total capacity of hard disk
Rt. Click at My computer >> Manage >> Disc Management.
(Now it shows all the detail about the HDD(s) such as total size, no. of partition, file system, free space)
Position of Jumper in HDD
Master/ Slave / Cable Select
Memory:
It is another main device of the computer whose main function is to display the data in output device through VGA and speed up the computer, so without memory display system is impossible for computer. There are various types of memory available.
SDRAM / DDRAM / DDRAM II
SDRAM: - specially this module of Ram is used in 810, 815 & earlier version of 845 m/b
DDRAM:-
DDRAM II:-especially this module of RAM is used in late version of 865,945,965 and later version of Motherboard.
Know the Total Memory Speed
ü Start >>Run
ü Type "dxdiag" and press enter
(Now list the details memory of the system)
Some Capacity of the Memory
8 Mb,16Mb,32Mb,64Mb,128Mb,256Mb,512Mb,1024Mb(1GB),2048(MB)/2GB,etc.
Keyboard
Mouse
1. Ps/2 Mouse
2. Serial Mouse
3. USB Mouse
Monitor
It is an output device and also called soft output device.
1. Analog Monitor
2. Digital monitor
i) Normal Monitor
ii) Flatten Monitor
iii) LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal Display)
USB Universal Serial Bus
UPS Uninterrupted power Supply
PCI – Peripheral Control Interface
AGP – Accelerated Graphic Port
IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics
Integrated Development Environment
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
NIC – Network Interface Card
Directory
Directory is like a table where we can store the files and folders but can’t write at directory, it is known as <dir> on listing.
Better always create the directory and put the files inside it.
Md -- Make Directory
CD -- Change Directory
RD -- Remove Directory
BIOS is permanent memory which is programmed with basic instructions required for computer to start and run. BIOS is stored in the chip of the motherboard and controls all the interactions between Operating system and components. Every time computer is switched on, control is handed to BIOS which conducts a basic diagnosis to ensure all the key components are working properly. This process is also called Power On Self Test (POST). And all the components are working well then we can hear a single beep sound and after that BIOS hands over the control to Operating System.
BIOS / CMOS Setup is very important for the hardware technicians, where you can list / control the components of motherboard, such as: -
- IDE Drives
- Floppy Drives
- Sound CODEC
- Display Mode
- Total Memory Size
- Processor speed
- Motherboard model
- Can control the Boot sequence
- Control the security system, etc.
BIOS stand for: - Binary input / output system and
CMOS stands for Complementary Meta Oxide Semi- Conductor.
BIOS / CMOS setup only possible after switching on the System, but you don’t need any windows, software or hard disk to run the BI OS, it’s a initial setup for the computer, the methods to run the BIOS is different for the computer which has different motherboard , such as
In Intel Motherboard, Press F2 to run BIOS,
In Intel chip or VIA Board, Press Del to run the BIOS / CMOS
Different types of screenshots of BIOS
How to clear CMOS?
If the board has a clear CMOS jumper then clear the CMOS using this jumper. If board doesn’t have such jumper then takes off the on-board battery to leak voltage to clear CMOS. The steps are explained below.
1. Turn off power.
2. Disconnect the power cord from motherboard.
3. Take out the battery gently and put it aside for about 10 minutes.
4. Re-install the battery to the battery holder.
5. Connect the power cord to motherboard again and turn on the power.
# Installing the Fonts:-
Extension of Font: - .TTF
a. Insert the Floppy, Cd or Pen drive of Fonts into the Floppy Drive / Cd ROM.
b. Click at start >> Settings >> Control Panel
c. Open the Folder of Fonts.
d. Click at File >> Install New Font
e. Now choose the Drive or Folder where the Fonts are located.
f. Click at Select all (Now it starts to read the Fonts )
g. Click at Ok
(Now it installs the selected fonts from the folder or drive into the computer system)
# Installing/uninstalling software, Programs
Before Software Installations
Installing:--
Any software or program which is in computer and through which we perform different tasks and work, we need to install every software or program that we wish to use in computer. We can install those software / programs through cd, pen drive, hdd, backup etc. and during installation it may ask for various types of details such as name, organization, etc. main thing here is the serial number of the software, we need to specify the correct serial number of the software or program that we are going to install. And the serial number can be found on the cd cover or in the folder that contains the software or program. Here are few common names that may contain serial number.
cdkey, serial number, SN, keygen, serial key, product key etc but it might different.
Here are the steps through which we can install our software or program.
1. Open the source (it may be cd, pen drive, and backup)
2. Now open the program you want to install in your computer
3. Once you have opened the program that you are going to install, look for the file which has name setup.exe or install. Here thing to remember is that there might be more than one file with such name but we need to choose the file which will start installation.
4. Once the setup begins then we need to click on next, accept, etc as required and also we need to give details such as name, organization, serial number, etc.
5. Always choose "Typical" or "Complete" installation type
6. We can also specify location where we want to install our program such as c:, d:,
Mainly there are 3 different types of installation which are given below
Normal / Activate / Crack
Uninstalling a program/ software:-
All programs or software that we install in our computer needs to be uninstalled. We shall never delete these software or programs because after installing any software it installs various kinds of files in registry of our computer which is very essential for program to work properly and run in our computer. And if we delete the program those are installed, it will only delete the files which are outside the registry of the computer, and files in registry won't get removed so we need to uninstall the software in order the delete files from registry of unnecessary program. While uninstalling the program, it automatically deletes files from registry. Follow the steps given below to uninstall a program:
1. Go to start menu
2. Click on settings
3. Click on control panel
4. Now open Add/remove program (usually it is located in 3rd)
5. Now once the list of your programs is shown, select the program and click on Remove.
Making changes (add / Remove) options of installed Programs
It means once the program is installed; now you want to add / remove the options of the program, then it is possible, but you need a cd of the program or back at the hard disk / pen drive.
Working with Users, Groups and Security
Users:-
1. Super User (Administrator):-a special user having all authorizations.
2. Normal User: - can only Access the Programs,
Creating the Normal User
1. Right click at My computer >> Manage
2. Click at Local users >> Users
3. Right click on empty space >> New User
4. Specify the user Name, Passwords, and Password Securities.
5. Click at ok
(Now log off from current user and log on with password & user name of new user, remember normal user can't change their passwords, create new user, add / remove programs, etc, they can only access the available programs but super user can make any changes as required)
Making the Normal User under the Administrator group
1. Right click at my computer >> Manage
2. Click at local users
3. Click at Users
4. Right click at normal users >> Properties
5. Click at Member of >> advance >> find
6. Select the Administrator group, and then click at ok
(Now normal users can act as administrator user)
Changing the way of log off / log on
1. First log on from administrator user
2. Control panel >> User
3. Click at Change the way of Log off / log on settings
4. Remove the available options, then click at apply >> Ok
Deleting the user and its personal folder:-
1. Right click at My computer >> Manage >> Local users >> Users
2. Select the user to delete,
3. Right click at user >> Delete user
(Now it removes the users from the system but the won't remove its profile, to delete as well go to c:\my documents and settings\ OR start menu>>run>>%userprofile%)
Deleting the Personal Folder:-
1. My Computer >> C:\
2. My documents & settings
3. Now select the User and delete it
(Remember only delete the user folder which you deleted from the local users)
# Making the user Folder private
1. My computer >> C:\ Documents and users \
2. Right click at User Folder.
3. Click at Sharing and Security
4. Put Right Tick Mark at [ ] Make This Folder Private
5. Specify the Passwords,
6. Click at Apply >> Ok
(No body can access your user Folder)
After installing windows, it installs some system files which are very essential for windows to run, we should not remove these system files and if these files are removed or corrupted then windows might not work or might show errors. There are five (5) System files which are listed below.
-- Boot.ini
-- IO. SYS (Input /Output)
-- NTLDR
-- NTDETECT
-- MS DOS
To List System Files
System files are located in the drive where windows is installed (normally c:) and are in hidden state. We can unhide it by following the steps given below
(Through DOS)
1. Run MS Dos Prompt (start à Run à CMD)
2. C:\>Attrib [space] - h [space] -s [space] *.* [enter]
(Now open My Computer and the Drive where you installed the windows, now it shows the above system Files)
(Through Window)
Start Menu >> Settings >> Control Panel >> Folder Options >> View
Now select Show Hidden Files & Folders
To Hide the System Files
1. Run Ms Dos prompt
2. C :\> Attrib [space] +h [space] +s [space ] *.* [enter]
(Now it hides the system Files)
Boot Files and Its Work
Boot.ini
This System file which helps to show the path of the Operating System (drive and windows directory) to run the currently installed windows version , if the this file is deleted / removed, then it'll show the error message during the boot process from hard disk. But if the path of boot.ini file is missing then Windows might not load at all instead it will display a message and won't go beyond that.
Here is the format of boot file
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /noexecute=optin /fastdetect
If the path of the Boot File is Missing then you will get the Following Error Message
Windows couldn't start because the following file is missing or corrupt
<Windows Root> \system32\hal.dll
Please reinstall a copy of the above File
If the Boot File is deleting or removed then you will get the following message while booting
Invalid boot .ini file
Booting From C:\Windows\
Creating / Opening Boot File:
1. Run Note pad
2. Type the Detail Boot Loader and Save it in the Drive where the Windows version installed from the name of Boot.ini
3. Restart your Computer.
Know the Windows Directory
1. Click at start >> Run
2. Msinfo32
3. Now list the Windows directory.
(N.B. If path of the Boot.ini is missing and computer couldn’t boot we can remove the HDD and connect to another available computer then copy the boot.ini)
If the NTDETECT.COM File Lost
If msdos and io are deleted then system file may run the windows and can recover it later but in the loss of NTDETECT system application file may not run the window, it'll give restarting problem at the initial boot position from hard disk with out any message.
Troubleshoot of NTDETECT File Loss
Process I:-
1. Make floppy disk bootable for windows xp and copy ntdetect file from another computer to the same Floppy.
2. Now boot the computer with Floppy then copy the ntdetect system file to hard disk.
Process II:-
1. In another computer connect the hard disk (which has problem) as slave or secondary and make the hard disk (which is in good condition) master of primary, and boot from Primary master HDD (which is in good condition) and now copy the NTDETECT system file to the hard disk (which has problem).
Process III:-
1. Boot the computer with windows XP recovery cd, during the boot process, it'll give options for installing windows & repairing the current windows so Press R to repair Operating System.
2. Then copy the file ntdetect.com to hard disk from the cd
3. Later boot the computer from hard Disk.
If the NTLDR File Lost
If this system file is missing then Operating System cannot load instead it will give message
NTLDR is missing
Press ctrl + Alt + Delete
Troubleshooting:
Same as NTDETECT.COM
Using Group Policy and Registry:
Group Policy:
We use group policy to edit default settings of the OS. We can perform various tasks using this option. Such as blocking usage of control panel, prohibiting changing of wallpaper, etc.
Loading Group Policy:
Start menu >> Run >> type "gpedit.msc" and press enter
Let's see an example:-
To block control panel
1. Open Group Policy
2. Select Administrative Template
3. Select User Configuration
4. Double Click on Control Panel.
5. Open the option "Prohibit access to Control Panel"
6. Now click on "Enable" and Ok >> Ok.
(Now we can't open control panel and can't use options available in control panel)
Turning off Auto play
1. Open Group Policy
2. Select Administrative Template
3. Select User Configuration
4. Double Click on System
5. Open the option "Turn off Auto Play"
6. Now select All Drives
Installing Operating System
Every computer has its own operating system to work. No system can work without an OS. The computer application needs to work in certain environment; the OS provides this environment and allow the application program to do its work. There are many OSs available such as Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, DOS and the most secure Linux. The Windows OS is more user-friendly than any other. It is the most popular one as well. But now the Linux wind is blowing. The OS is too needed to install in the system just as any other software but is takes more time and employing different method. Let’s have a look at the installation of OS (Windows). There are mainly two types of installation.
First type of installation is simple comparing to second one where we just upgrade the previous operating system. We can perform this by inserting the cd of the new OS and running the setup file. Where as Full Installation is a long and different process comparing to upgrade installation here we've given detail process with pictures of Full Installation.
There are various versions of Windows OS available in the market, to name few, Win95, Win97, Win98, Windows2000, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server, Windows XP, and latest being Windows Vista. OS should be installed according to the requirement of user. Currently, Windows XP being most common OS all we'll see detail installation process of Windows XP.
Installing Windows XP
Plan your installation
When you run the Windows XP Professional Setup program, you must provide information about how to install and configure the operating system. Thorough planning can make your installation of Windows XP Professional more efficient by helping you to avoid potential problems during installation. An understanding of the configuration options will also help to ensure that you have properly configured your system. I won't go into that part right now but here are some of the most important things you should take into consideration when planning for your XP installation:
· Check Hardware and Software Compatibility
· Determine Disk Partitioning Options
· Choose the Appropriate File System: FAT, FAT32, NTFS
· Decide on a Workgroup or Domain Installation
· Complete a Pre-Installation Checklist
Beginning the installation process
You can install Windows XP in several methods - all are valid and good, it all depends upon your needs and your limitations.
· Manual installations usually come in 3 flavors:
· Boot from CD - No existing partition is required.
· Boot from the 6 Setup Boot Disks, then insert the CD - No existing partition is required
(There are other non-manual installation methods, such as using an unattended file along with a uniqueness database file, using Sysprep, using RIS or even running unattended installations from within the CD itself, but we won't go into that right now .It doesn't matter how you run the setup process, but the moment it runs - all setup methods look alike.)
The text-based portion of the Setup program
The setup process begins loading a blue-looking text screen (not GUI). In that phase you will be asked to accept the EULA and choose a partition on which to install XP, and if that partition is new, you'll be asked to format it by using either FAT, FAT32 or NTFS.
• PC with 300 megahertz or higher processor clock speed recommended; 233 MHz minimum required (single or dual processor system);* Intel Pentium/Celeron family, or AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended
• 128 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit performance and some features)
• 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available hard disk space*
• Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution video adapter and monitor
• CD-ROM or DVD drive
• Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device
Start the computer from the Bootable CD of Windows XP.
1) Shall we begin?
After configuring the system for booting from a CD, the Windows Setup screen appears. At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
2) Welcome to Setup:
The "Welcome to Setup" screen appears with the option of Continuing Setup, Repair a previous installation, Quitting. Press ENTER to Continue Setup. You may also choose R to Repair or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
3) Windows XP Licensing Agreement:
The "Windows XP Licensing Agreement" screen, otherwise known as "EULA," displays the legal in's and out's of this particular software package. You may press F8 to signify that you agree with the terms, hit ESC if you do not agree and PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN to scroll through each screen. Note: If you do not agree to the terms, setup will quit and reboot the system.
4) Insert the previous version
As this is an Upgrade, a previous qualifying product is required to be inserted in the CD drive to continue. Even though Microsoft states that "Windows 95" cannot be upgraded to XP Home, the CD is good enough for a clean install. At this point, the options include pressing ENTER to Continue or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
5) Hard drive partition information:
Hard drive partition information is now displayed. This varies with each systems hardware configuration. This example already has a partition defined. I will choose not to use this and create a new one by pressing D. You may skip this and the next few steps if you do not have any partitions defined. At this point, the options include pressing ENTER to Install on the selected partition, D to Delete the selected partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
6) Warning screen:
After pressing D to delete the selected partition, a warning screen appears explaining the pitfalls of deleting it. This particular screen only appears when the partition selected to be deleted is formatted as a bootable system partition. Other partitions will display the next screen. I want this to happen, so I press ENTER to continue. The options include pressing ENTER to continue, or ESC to Cancel.
7) Confirmation screen:
A confirmation screen that displays the logical drive, what file system the partition is currently using, the size in MB and controller information. Options include L to Delete the partition and ESC to Cancel the action.
8) No partitions have been previously defined:
If no partitions have been previously defined, this screen will be displayed. You may section your hard drive in as many partitions as you wish by selecting C to Create a Partition and then entering in a value less then the total available. Here, I will Create a Partition in the highlighted, unused portion. Select the partition you wish to install to using the UP arrow and DOWN ARROW keys. Press ENTER to use the highlighted partition and Install, C to Create a Partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
9) Enter in the partition size:
Enter in the partition size in MB within the displayed minimum and maximum. I chose the default or maximum available here. You may choose ENTER to Create the new partition or ESC to Cancel the action.
10) Continue to create partitions:
Continue to create partitions until all space is used or the configuration meets your requirements. Note: a small portion will be unavailable to partition. This is normal. In this example, it is 2 MB. I chose drive C: or Partition1 to install the Operating System You may choose ENTER to Install to the selected partition, D to Delete the highlighted Partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
11) Format the partition:
Since this OS supports NTFS, format the partition with it. If you do not, many folder and file security features will be unavailable. Note: If you are dual booting your system, a previous OS will not be able to read the local information. This is a fact with Windows 9x and Me. If you have a requirement to view this partition from another OS installed on the system, do not format it as NTFS. Also, the boot partition must be formatted with FAT32 if you wish to dual boot. I have found no problems accessing a NTFS partition mapped as a network drive from an older OS. Select what format you wish to use by pressing the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys. Press ENTER to confirm your selection and Continue or ESC to Cancel
12) Setup formats the partition:
Watch the progress bar as Setup formats the partition, or get up and get a soda. It may take awhile.
13) Creating File List:
Setup is now figuring out what files to copy over to the hard drive.
14) Setup copies various files:
After the partition is finished formatting, Setup copies various files to support booting from the hard drive and continue on.
15) Creates various information files:
Setup then creates various information files required to continue on with setup.
16) Press ENTER to Restart:
The first reboot and the end of the blue background has arrived. If you are impatient, press ENTER to Restart before the 15 seconds expire. ENTER to Restart the Computer is the only option available.
17) Windows XP boot screen:
The new Windows XP boot screen is displayed. Now you need to boot from hard disk drive not from your cd as we have done previously.
18) Windows XP Installation:
If you have installed Windows before, this type of screen will look familiar.
Sit back. It may be awhile.
19) Faster and more reliable:
Every Windows OS that comes out has the same claim. Faster and better. It is subject to debate whether or not it could get "any worse."
20) Region and Input Languages:
A little while later, you will be prompted with options of configuring your Region and Input Languages. The default was fine for me, so I selected Next.
Options include Customize button, Details Button, plus the standard Back and Next.
21) Enter in your Name:
Enter in your Name and optional Organization information, and then select the Next button.
22) 25 digit Product Key:
Thought you could get away from it? Think again Enter your unique 25 digit Product Key that came with your CD, then select the Next button.
23) Enter a Computer name:
The "suggested" name for the computer is always really whacked out. Choose one that meets your needs.
24) Date, Time and Time Zone:
Configure the proper information for the Date, Time and Time Zone here.
25) Network Settings Dialog:
The Network Settings Dialog is next. Under usual circumstances, the Typical settings are fine. Choose your method and select the Next button
26) Display Settings Pop-up:
27) Please wait:
800 x 600 is a wonderful thing; however, I chose to have it time out and return to 640 x 480 for this guide.
28) The Welcome Screen:
The "Welcome Screen" will now appear while Windows XP Hod in the background.
29) Display Settings Pop-up:
A balloon dialog appears
30) Windows XP tour: Click the balloon dialog to start a tour of Windows XP. Even if you do not wish to see the information, you should click on the balloon to get rid of the annoyance in a timely fashion.
1) Windows XP Tour dialog: Windows XP Tour dialog popup is shown. Select the Cancel button to never see it again.
32) Activate:
A little reminder also appears in the task bar about activating.
33) That is all!
That's all there is to it! I hope this guide helped you out or gave you a sneak peek at what is to come. More information about Windows XP is located HERE
Installing windows vista
The following list describes the recommended minimum hardware requirements for basic functionality of the different editions of Windows Vista. Actual hardware requirements will vary, depending on system configuration and on the programs and the features that you install. If you install Windows Vista over a network, additional hard disk space may be required.
Windows Vista Home Basic
After configuring the system for booting from a CD/DVD, the Windows Setup screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
The next screen is a more graphical progress bar indicating Windows Vista is still working in the background.
The first options you will come across are selections for Language, Time and currency format, and Keyboard layout.
Make your selections by using the pull down menus and press the Next button.
Here we have the option of repairing a previous installation or "Install Now."
Highlight the "Install Now" button to continue to the next screen.
Windows Vista is working in the background. This may take several minutes depending on the system.
This screen is where you enter your product key or "CD Key" as it is sometimes called.
An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.
After entering your product key, press the Next button.
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.
After reading the agreement, check the box next to "I accept the license terms".
Here we would be able to choose an "Upgrade" install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows, such as XP) or a "Custom" (clean) install.
Select the whole box containing "Custom (advanced)" to continue to the next screen.
This is where you can select which hard drive/partition to install Vista on. Since this system only has one hard drive, only one place Vista can go. Advanced options are shown in the next screen shot.
This is also where you would install drivers for your RAID/ACPI controller by using the "Load Driver" option. After the installation of the RAID/ACPI drivers, your hard drives should appear as shown tot he right.
If no additional drivers are needed, select the Next button.
The advanced options allow creation of multiple partitions and the option of formatting existing partitions.
After finishing your particular partition configuration that you desire, select the Next button.
Here is where Vista installs major components of the OS. This process can take 10 to 60 minutes depending on the system.
Here we see the system needing to reboot to continue installation tasks.
You can hit the Restart Now button or just allow the reboot to happen automatically after several seconds.
Here we see a "..." progress as Vista tries to start for the first time. This process may take several minutes before going to the next screen.
Vista continues to install at this screen. Depending on system, another reboot or two may happen before the next screen is displayed.
Here is where we create the first user account for the system and select an icon to be displayed on the login screen. Ensure you password your account.
After finishing entering your information and icon selection, select the Next button.
Here is where we can name the system for networking purposes. By default, it uses the account name entered in the previous step and adds "-PC" to it. We can also select a background for the desktop.
After making your selection, select the Next button.
Here we can configure Windows Update with several options. I suggest "Use recommended options" or the top option for most PC users.
Here is where you can set the time and daylight savings time options.
After configuring your time zone, clock settings and date, select the Next button.
Vista now asks our network configuration by asking "Home, Work or Public Place."
Descriptions are expanded on screen so I will no go into them here.
Make your selection to continue to the next screen.
On this screen, we are thanked by Bill G. for installing Windows Vista.
After you are done being thanked, select the Next button.
Vista now checks the system performance to automatically configure a few options. This may take several minutes while the system does this and it will only do it this one time.
We are finally greeted with the login screen, however, there is still more configuration to come.
Enter in your password that you used previously during the install process and hit ENTER or the little blue arrow to login.
Your account profile starts being created here starting with your personal desktop configuration. More happens on the next screen. This process will also take several minutes, but only happen once.
Vista now sets up profile configurations for Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player as well as a few more Windows applications. This could take several more minutes but we are almost there!
Vista is installed!
On this screen, we are presented with our system configuration as well as several different options.
I hope you enjoyed this install guide and I thank you for reading!
Assemble of system (Some Tips & Tricks)
It means to fit all the parts of the system and make it ready to use. Before assembling the system, you should remember the following steps.
- Your hands and body must be dry
- Put off the Power plug from the SMPS.
- You should have the better knowledge of parts that you are going to add.
- You should have enough some space
- Be ready with all the tools like Screwdriver, screws & other manual installations guide before installations.
- Don’t hurry while you are assembling
- After finishing the assemble part, Re check all the Parts that are seated & plugged properly.
- Finally, plug the Power and SWTICH on, and then do the further Process.
Choosing the Correct Cashing Box.
- Before assemble you should have the knowledge about AT & ATX Motherboard, if you have AT M/B then choose the AT cashing, If you have ATX M/B then choose the ATX Cashing Box.
- Lay down cashing box horizontally, then add the SMPS properly and Check other LEDS are available or Not,
- Make sure that you have Screws on the Cashing Box to attach the Motherboard on it.
Adding the Motherboard on the System.
- First Take the M/B
- Now Carefully attach it on the Cashing box
- Match the Side of Keyboard / Mouse first Properly
- Cashing Box should not touch any part of motherboard
- Properly Skew the Screws.
Adding the CPU on the Motherboard.
- Turn off the computer
- Make sure that CPU is compatible with your Motherboard.
- Unlock the CPU SLOT.
- Now carefully add the CPU on the CPU Slot Properly by matching the Pointed Corners.
- Give Little Pressure and Lock the CPU Handle.
- Finally add the Cooling Fan on the CPU and Add the Power of Cooling Fan on the Power plug of System Fan.
Adding the IDE on the Motherboard.
- First make confirm that you have IDE Cables of Good Condition.
- Make the IDE Drives Master / Slave (Specially Make HDD Primary Master and CD / DVD Slaves)
- Now add the IDE and detect it later from BIOS Setup.
Adding the Floppy on the Motherboard.
- First make confirm that you have Floppy Cables of Good Condition.
- Add the IDE Cable on the Motherboard and do same at Floppy and Add the Power
- Now Control it from BIOS Setup. ( if the Connection is not ok, then it keeps Lighting the Indicator light continuously )
Adding the Power on the Motherboard.
- First match the side of Power supply
- Now add it on the Motherboard Properly.
Adding the RAM on the Motherboard.
- First be confirm which memory is compatible SD RAM or DDRAM.
- Now take the RAM and unlock the sides of RAM MODULE.
- Now carefully, add the RAM on the RAM Slot and Lock the Sides of RAM Module Sides.
Adding the PCI cards on the Motherboard.
- Before adding the PCI Cards on the Motherboard First Make confirm that are compatible with your system and Compatible version of windows.
- Now carefully add the PCI Card on the PCI Slot of M/B.
- Now switch on the later add the Driver of PCI card.
Adding the LEDS
- This one is the main part of assembling, don’t loose the Installation guide of Motherboard / Read carefully the caption of LEDS on the Motherboard.
- Add Properly the LEDS By Checking
- After Finishing all the Assemble Side Now add the Back plane Sides Properly and give and Power and Switch on the Powers
Troubleshooting
Keyboard
The keyboard is most useful part of the computer. It can not be thought a computer without a keyboard. It is used in most application as an input device. The keyboard is an integral part of the computer. Some common problems in keyboard are.
1) Inputs more characters except the specified number.
2) Need to press hard to input the character
3) Misprint the character
4) Keyboard doesn’t respond in the windows version
Troubleshooting keyboard
1) These problems are mainly caused due to flow of liquid into the keyboard and also caused by dust. So, always keep the keyboard clean using blower or put it upside down when keyboard is not in use.
2) If there is facility of changing the language of the keyboard from control panel always set to United State language
3) If you are replacing the new keyboard of PS/2 type then always turn off the system and then plug the keyboard.
4) Check the hardware list from the device manager whether the keyboard is detected or not.
5) Check carefully the keyboard wire is in proper condition and is not damaged.
6) If the keyboard is not responding then check it to another computer.
7) If the problem arises then replace the keyboard.
Mouse
A mouse is pointing device which selects and moves the item on the screen. The main goal of any mouse is to translate the motion of the hand into signals that the computer can use. Few common problems in mouse.
1) Displays the pointer in the middle of the screen without any response.
2) Moves the pointer very slowly.
3) Moves the pointer horizontally only.
4) Moves the pointer fatly at unneeded direction.
Troubleshooting
1) Turn off the system and reset or re plug the mouse.
Troubleshoot for keyboard and mouse
2) Then if the problem continues try it at another computer.
3) Even if it doesn’t work then be confirmed that mouse is to be replaced.
4) First check the mouse configuration from the control panel. For pointer speed. Try it setting to its default or at medium position.
5) If the problem continues then try it at another computer. If it continues several times then replaces it.
6) Also try by changing the mouse pad too.
Display troubleshooting
1) If monitor is flashing the signal for cable then be confirmed that data cable is disconnected or signal is not passing through VGA cable. It also may be that your computer is turned off and monitor is on.
a) Troubleshooting monitor
Check VGA cable connected with CPU whether properly plugged or not.
Notice that line on keyboard is on or off listing by pressing the Num lock key or caps lock
Monitor doesn’t display any signal or message and goes blank.
1) Switch on the system
2) Check the keyboard indicator
3) Check the data cable of monitor to the CPU (VGA card)
4) (if you are using the 3d card then try changing the VGA port i.e. try connecting both 3D card and the VGA card)
5) Check properly that power is connected to the monitor and is switched on
6) Check the brightness and the colour of the monitor
No display along with Beep Sound
These problems tend to occur due to RAM i.e, .RAM has no contact with the system. If the CPU speaker is attached properly then it gives this sound Tii……………., Tii…………., Ti………………. (A long Beep Tone). If the CPU speaker is not attached then it doesn’t play the sound.
d) Troubleshoot
Properly insert the RAM into the RAM module before replacing the new one.
At this time you replace the RAM at next computer or change the new one and try again the same. If there is no display then join the CPU speaker and try it again. If the Beep sound is coming then it is the problem of RAM also try by changing the slot of the RAM module before inserting the RAM.
If there is no longer Beep- sound and with no display then check the power and display cable of monitor properly.
Hardware troubleshooting
RAM ERROR
1) Shows the error during the setup
2) Hangs the program
3) No display
Troubleshooting
Shows an error during the setup.
1) This is the main problem of RAM nowadays. We purchase CD from the market which may cause problem of error during the setup. Make confirm that CD program is Ok. If it is still giving the problem then replace the RAM MODULE.
2) If again the problem continues then replace with new one and try. Now if it doesn’t work properly then RAM has a problem
3) If you are using maximum net with restricted sites then there are maximum possibilities of virus infection into the memory.
Hangs the Program
1) This problem arises due to low capacity of memory because some program requires high memory to access, if so then add another memory into the slot and if the problem occurs replace with new one and try. Problem of software CD also cause. Read carefully the system requirement of the software before installation process.
Troubleshooting Floppy Drive
ERROR
Floppy disk fails
Access is denied
Press F1 to continue
Troubleshoot
1) First of all take the data cable of floppy and insert into the floppy drive port on the motherboard properly.
2) Then plug the data cable into the floppy and plug the cable power.
3) Notice that if the indicator of the floppy disk keeps on lighting then there may be problem or error on the connection.
4) If the indicator just lights during the boot then it is ok
5) If this message “Can’t be accessible” occurs then enable the drive from the windows or BIOS/CMOS setup. (It can also be the problem of Floppy diskette).
Troubleshoot of IDE devices
ERROR
1) disk boot failure, insert the system disk &press enter
2) no media found ,insert the media and press enter
Troubleshooting
1) Plug the IDE cable into the port of motherboard and IDE channel properly
2) Give the power plug to IDE
3) Make primary/secondary/master/slave to the IDE.
4) Now detect the IDE from the BIOS/CMOS setup. Be confirmed that windows is installed on HDD.
5) Change the data cable of the IDE
6) Replace the new IDE and try it.
Troubleshooting resolution
Normal resolution – 800 x 600, 1024 x 768
Desktop properties setting
Sometimes we change the resolution of the windows more than the previous one or normal resolution, then it shows only the blank screen which means more resolution can’t support by the monitor. Here we can see the following type of errors or symptoms.
Computer boots shows the windows loading but at the startup of desktop, it shows the blank screen.
Troubleshooting
1) First reboot the system by pressing restart.
2) Press F8
3) choose the safe mode and press windows
4) My computer (right click)
5) Properties >> Settings then adjust resolution to 800 x 600 or 1024 x 768
Motherboard troubleshooting
Problems
No display
Boot and bang
Sound codec error (inbuilt)
USB error inbuilt
VGA error inbuilt
PCI slot problem
RAM slot problem
Keyboard/mouse problem
Hangs the particular software like Photoshop
Troubleshooting
No display
May this type of problem are caused by the following reasons:
1 RAM
2 CPU
3 Power supply
4 Motherboard
5 Cmos or jumper setting
So check them first properly and insert them as normal or replacing them into another system.
Troubleshooting of Boot and bang
This type of problem may be cause of RAM and jumper setting or may be problem of PCI card.
1 So try removing the PCI cards
2 Try resetting the jumpers
3 Try removing all the internal and external connection such as removing speaker, parallel poet and IDE connection
Troubleshooting of sound codec
The error can cause due to following reasons:
1 The sound may be disabled from the BIOS setting to check there
2 Windows error may cause therefore try reinstalling the windows.
3 The driver CD can also cause the error
4 The sound codec (inbuilt) is damaged, replace the PCI card
Troubleshooting of USB error (in-built)
If your inbuilt USB is not working properly or not detecting the USB devices, this may be the following reasons:
1 The USB may be disabled from BIOS/CMOS
2 Viruses can also cause this type of problem, so check that the USB is detected or not. If the USB is detected then it doesn’t show the drive or USB devices if the viruses are affecting your system.
3 You may need to install the driver of USB, notice that when you add the USB devices, does it ask for the drive or not?
4 Your USB may be of high speed which is not compatible with your motherboard.
5 Your USB codec may be damaged
Troubleshooting of VGA
It means the graphic or video controller problem, after windows installation, we need to install the video controller which is for the best graphics. If the drivers of the graphics are not installed then it may cause the following problems.
1 Install the driver of the video controller according to the driver of motherboard model and manufacturer.
2 Remove the previously installed driver of the motherboard and again try by installing the driver.
3 If the problem continues then try reinstalling the windows and try.
4 Try installing the graphic driver according to the windows version.
5 Check the video controller is enabled from the BIOS.
6 Replace the driver CD of the graphic and try from another.
7 Your inbuilt VGA codec may be damaged so try inserting display card in PCI VGA card or using AGP card.
Troubleshooting of PCI card
Generally this type of problem occurs very rarely, if the problem with the PCI slot then it may be the following reasons:
1 The PCI card may not be properly inserted into the PCI slot
2 The problem may also be in the PCI card, so check it at another computer or at another slot.
3 The problem may be with PCI slot, so change the PCI slot.
4 After installing the PCI card, notice that hardware detects the PCI card.
5 Check that windows auto installs the driver or not.
6 If there is no response from the windows then try it by manually detecting from control panel >>add hardware.
7 If this problem continues then check it at another system, if this works then there may be problem with the windows so reinstall the fresh copy of windows and try.
8 Always remember that you need the driver of that particular PCI card.
Troubleshooting of RAM
These types of problem are rare
1 Fore mostly notice the sound coming from the motherboard.
2 Replace the RAM module slot.
3 Replace with the new RAM and try
4 Insert the RAM properly.
5 You may need to change the RAM slot from the expert system technician if the problem occurs.
Troubleshooting of Boot and bang
This type of problem may cause of RAM and jumper setting or may be problem of PCI card
Ø So try removing the PCI cards
Ø Try resetting the jumpers
Ø Try removing all the internal and external connection such as removing speaker, parallel poet and IDE connection
Troubleshooting of VGA
It means the graphic or video controller problem, after windows installation, we need to install the video controller which is for the best graphics. If the drivers of the graphics are not installed then it may cause the following problems.
Ø Install the driver of the video controller according to the driver of motherboard model and manufacturer.
Ø Remove the previously installed driver of the motherboard and again try by installing the driver.
Ø If the problem continues then try reinstalling the windows and try.
Ø Try installing the graphic driver according to the windows version.
Ø Check the video controller is enabled from the BIOS.
Ø Replace the driver CD of the graphic and try from another.
Ø Your inbuilt VGA codec may be damaged so try inserting display card in PCI VGA card or using AGP card.
Ø If this problem continues then check it at another system, if this works then there may be problem with the windows so reinstall the fresh copy of windows and try.
Ø Always remember that you need the driver of that particular PCI card.
Troubleshooting of RAM
These types of problem are rare
Ø Fore mostly notice the sound coming from the motherboard.
Ø Replace the RAM module slot.
Ø Replace with the new RAM and try
Ø Insert the RAM properly.
Ø You may need to change the RAM slot from the expert system technician if the problem occurs.
Troubleshooting hangs the computer or system while running the program
Be confirmed that this problem is with the graphic although driver is installed but hangs the system only in particular program, then that is the problem with your motherboard.
Ø First try reinstalling the windows and install the software, if the problem continues in the same cases then you need to replace the motherboard.
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Here are five common-sense techniques and strategies to solve common computer hardware problems.
(1) Trial-and-error
Personal computers are highly modular by design. The most powerful trouble-shooting technique is to isolate the problem to a specific component by trial-and-error. Swap compatible components and see if the system still works. Try different peripherals on different machines and see if the same problem occurs. Make one change at a time.
(2) "It's the cable, s-----."
More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure all cables are connected firmly. IDE and floppy ribbon cables and power cables can often go loose. Ensure microprocessor, memory modules, and adapters such as video card and sound card are inserted correctly and didn't "pop-up" during transportation.
(3) Don't be frustrated!
Don't be afraid of computer problems. It is often the best opportunity to learn. Trouble-shooting is part of the fun of owning a computer. Imagine the satisfaction you could get by solving a problem yourself.
Of course the fun could ran out quickly once you are frustrated and have spent too much time on the same problem. If you feel frustrated, it's time to leave it for a while and go back with some new ideas or call someone who can help. Rule of thumb: You shouldn't spend more than three hours on the same problem at one time.
(4) Take notes!
Take notes of what you have done and all the error messages. You may need to use them later. For instance, when you see an unusual blue screen with an error message, copy the entire message onto a piece of paper. In many situations, that message may point to the right direction in getting the problem solved quickly.
(5) Take a look?
It's OK to open a computer case and take a look inside. There is only 5V and 12V DC voltage supplied to the components outside the power supply. Those who have never seen the inside of a computer are often amazed by how simple it looks. Of course, still always power down and unplug the power cord first.
The following advice is based on many years of experience. They are provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of these advises. You are welcome to distribute these tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes.
More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure all cables are connected and connected firmly. IDE and floppy ribbon cables and power cables can often go loose. Ensure microprocessor, memory modules, and adapters such as video card are inserted correctly and didn't "pop-up" due to vibration.
System has no power at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside the power supply does not turn on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on.
System inoperative. Keyboard lights are on, power indicator lights are lit, and hard drive is spinning.
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.
System only boots from Floppy Disk. Hard Disk can be read and applications can be used, but booting from Hard Disk is impossible.
Error message reading "SECTOR NOT FOUND" or other error messages indication certain data is not allowed to be retrieved.
Disk formatted on IBM PS/2 will not operate with this system.
After install an expansion card (network card, tape drive card, etc.) the system no longer works properly.
Screen message says "Invalid Configuration" or "CMOS Failure."
Screen is blank.
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.
Problem
Screen goes blank periodically.
Keyboard failure.
No color on screen.
Floppy drive lights stays on.
Error reading drive A:
C: drive failure.
Cannot boot system after installing second hard drive.
Missing operating system on hard drive.
Certain keys do not function.
Keyboard is locked, no keys function.
Fax/Modem Troubleshooting Tips
The following general-purpose advises are provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. Actual procedure may vary among brands. Read your product user manual carefully before any work. Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of these advises. You are welcome to distribute these tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes.
My modem is a 56K, but I can connect to the Internet only at slower speed.
The current copper wired telephone lines are limited only to about 53K. If you are connected only to 33.6 or 28.8K, check the following first
Modem answers incoming calls and then returns to the on-hook condition, disconnecting the caller:
This occurs most often when connecting to a UNIX system. In most case, the host does not prefer to see any result or command echo codes. If this is the case, the codes can be disabled by adding E0 Q1 to the modem configuration string.
The modem dials and appears to complete the connection, but the communications software does not enter the correct mode. (The screen remains blank)
This is normally caused by an I/O address or IRQ conflict. Verify that the COM port is not in use by any other serial device and if necessary use another COM port or I/O address settting. Refer to your computer manual on how to determine what serial ports are installed.
The modem dials and appears to complete the connection, but the communications software does not enter the correct mode. (The screen remains blank)The modem does not auto answer
The auto answer mode is determined by the S0 register. If S0 has been set to 0, the modem will not answer. Asign another value to S0 by entering the following command: S0=n, where n = the number of rings to occur before the call is answered (ATS0=2, the modem answers after two rings)
The modem always answers the phone.
Set the S0 register to 0. ATS0=0.
The communications software displays, "No Dialtone."
Make sure that your phone cable is working properly and that it is firmly seated to the phone socket at your phone jack and in the real panel of the modem.
A high pitched squeal is emitted from the external speakers
This phenomenon is "feedback" and occurs when the microphone is pointed at the external speaker or is close enough to pick up the speaker output. This may be remedied by using a unidirectional microphone, making sure that it is pointed away and as far from the speaker as functionally possible. Another option is to use a headset with an attached microphone.
The following article is based on years of experience. It is provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of this advice.
Copying the contents for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without Directron.com's written consent. However, you are welcome to distribute these computer support tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes and you acknowledge the source. You are permitted and encouraged to create links to this page from your own web site.
Based on Seagate IDE hard drives.
If you have installed your drive and it does not function properly, perform the following basic checks:
Warning: Always turn off the computer before changing jumpers or unplugging cables and cards. Wear a ground strap or use other antistatic precautions while working on your computer or handling your drive.
Additional Troubleshooting Tips
If you have performed the preceding basic checks but the problem persists, follow these guidelines for troubleshooting specific cases:
Check your computer manual or BIOS manufacturer to determine whether your BIOS supports drives that have more than 4,092 cylinders. If your system has this limitation, use the following procedure to configure your computer:
Ø Turn off your computer, open the case, and remove your new drive.
Ø CAUTION: To avoid electrostatic discharge damage to your computer or hard drive, make sure you are well grounded before touching the drive, cable, connector or jumpers.
Ø Move the jumper on the alternate-capacity jumper, as shown in Figure 6. This causes the drive to appear to your BIOS as having a 2.1-Gbyte capacity (4,092 cylinders, 16 heads, 63 sectors per track). You may need third-party partitioning software, such as Disk Manager, to achieve full capacity of the drive.
Ø Remount your drive in the computer and replace the computer cover.
Ø Insert a bootable system diskette into drive A and turn on the computer. It should boot from drive A and automatically detect the new drive as a 2.1 -Gbyte drive.
Ø Insert your DiscWizard diskette into drive A and type A:XDM. Then press ENTER. This runs the Disk Manager program.
Ø Follow the Disk Manager instructions to install the dynamic drive overlay and to partition and format your new drive to its full capacity.
Ø After Disk Manager is done, reboot your system. You should see the Disk Manager banner and be able to access the full capacity of your new drive.
If the steps listed above do not remedy this problem, try the following:You are encouraged to make links to this article from your website and tell your friends
The following advises are based on many years of experience. They are provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of these tips. You are welcome to distribute these guides free to your friends and associates for personal usage as long as Directron.com is clearly identified as the source. Use of these guides without written permission by Directron.com on business web sites and/or for commercial purposes is strictly not allowed.
The most important part of a computer case is its power supply. Unfortunately, it's also the part that has most of the problems for a case. There are two situations when a new power supply may appear dead on arrival (DOA) when they are actually working as described below:
Most cases and power supplies these days are made and tested in China and other Asian countries where 220V electricity is used. Desktop computer power supplies do not switch the power voltage automatically. (Most notebook computers do!) If the factory forgets to turn the manual switch back to 110V for the North American market after testing, the power supply would appear DEAD if you use on a 110V-outlet. Therefore, always check the voltage setting on the back of a new power supply FIRST if it appears dead.
Do not expect an ATX power supply to work by simply plugging the power and turning on the switch. ATX power supplies are soft-switched on and off by the motherboard and BIOS. Therefore, you must plug it to a working motherboard with a working microprocessor, memory and video card to work. If your computer does not turn on after you turn on the power switch, it may not necessarily mean a dead power supply. The problem might be with the motherboard, microprocessor, memory or video card instead. You must examine all these components to isolate the problem.
Ø The most effective technique to tell if a power supply is causing any problem is to use a different one to see if it solves the problem. If everything works with a different power supply, then the new power supply is most likely the troublemaker. Alternatively, you can plug the new power supply to an existing, working computer to see if it works there.
Ø Computer cases are highly modular. If your computer case is still under warranty, you don't have to send the entire case back if only one part of it is defective. For instance, send only the power supply back for exchange if only power supply is dead. The same is true for the face panel and cover. This would save you quite a bit of shipping and sometimes downtime.
Ø More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure that you all the power plugs are connected firmly, including power connections to your motherboard and all the drives.
Ø Make sure the cooling fan inside the power supply is working all the time. Reach out to feel the fan behind your case often. Clean the fan if necessary. If your case feels warmer than room temperature, check the power supply fan first. Most power supply fans are difficult to replace. You are better off to replace the entire power supply since the new one comes with a brand-new warranty.
Ø Before ATX form factor became popular, the compatibility between a power supply and a specific motherboard could be problematic. However, this problem nowadays does not happen very often any more.
Ø The rest of a case is mostly mechanical. You should be able to find a way to get around most of the problems if you are mechanically inclined.
You are encouraged to make links to this article from your website and tell your friends
The following article is based on years of experience. It is provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of this advice
Copying the contents for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without Directron.com's written consent. However, you are welcome to distribute these computer support tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes and you acknowledge the source. You are permitted and encouraged to create links to this page from your own web site.
This article describes how to partition and format a hard disk with Microsoft Windows XP. Learn about your partitioning and formatting options, what to consider before you partition or format your hard disk, and how to partition and format your hard disk. Additionally, this article contains links to resources that can help you troubleshoot if problems occur.
This step-by-step article describes how to partition and format a hard disk with Windows XP. Before you can install an operating system, you must first create a primary partition on the first physical hard disk (Disk 0) on your computer, and then format a file system on that partition. This partition is named the System partition. Alternatively, you can create a separate partition for the operating system on any physical hard disk. This is named the startup partition. The System partition on Disk 0 can also be used as a startup partition
MORE INFORMATION
You can use the Microsoft Windows XP Setup program or the Fdisk and Format tools to partition and format System and startup partitions.
For additional information about how to use Fdisk and Format to partition and format your hard disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
If your computer is already running Windows XP, and you want to create partitions other than the System or the startup partitions, you can use the Windows XP Disk Management tools.
For additional information about how to use the Windows XP Disk Management tools to partition and format your hard disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
Consider the following questions before you partition and format your hard disk:
Important If you follow these steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all the data on that hard disk is permanently deleted. We recommend that you back up your hard disk before you follow these steps.
To partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP Setup program:
1. Insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into your CD-ROM drive or DVD-ROM drive, or insert the first Windows XP Setup disk into the floppy disk drive, and then restart the computer.
Note To start your computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM (or from the startup disk), your computer must be configured to start from the CD-ROM drive, the DVD-ROM drive, or the floppy disk drive. In some cases, you may have to modify your computer's BIOS settings to set this configuration. For information about how to configure your computer to start from the CD-ROM drive, the DVD-ROM drive, or the floppy disk drive, see the documentation that is included with your computer, or contact the computer manufacturer.
2. If you are starting the computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM, select any options that are required to start the computer from the CD-ROM drive if you are prompted to do this.
Note If your hard disk controller requires a third-party original equipment manufacturer (OEM) driver, press F6 to specify the driver.
For additional information about how to use F6 to supply a third-party OEM device driver while the Windows Setup program is running, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
314859 Limited OEM driver support is available with F6 during Windows XP Setup If you are starting from the Windows XP Setup disks, insert each of the additional disks when you are prompted, and then press ENTER to continue after you insert each disk.
3. At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
4. Press F8 to accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement.
5. If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you are prompted to repair it. To bypass the repair, press ESC.
6. All the existing partitions and the unpartitioned spaces are listed for each physical hard disk. Use the ARROW keys to select the partition or the unpartitioned space where you want to create a new partition. Press D to delete an existing partition, or press C to create a new partition by using unpartitioned space. If you press D to delete an existing partition, you must then press L (or press ENTER, and then press L if it is the System partition) to confirm that you want to delete the partition. Repeat this step for each of the existing partitions that you want to use for the new partition. When all the partitions are deleted, select the remaining unpartitioned space, and then press C to create the new partition.
Note If you want to create a partition where one or more partitions already exist, you must first delete the existing partition or partitions, and then create the new partition.
7. Type the size in megabytes (MB) that you want to use for the new partition, and then press ENTER, or just press ENTER to create the partition with the maximum size.
8. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 to create additional partitions if you want them.
9. If you want to install Windows XP, use the ARROW keys to select the partition where you want to install Windows XP, and then press ENTER. If you do not want to format the partition and install Windows XP, press F3 two times to quit the Windows Setup program, and then do not follow the remaining steps. In this case, you must use a different utility to format the partition.
10. Select the format option that you want to use for the partition, and then press ENTER. You have the following options:
The option to leave the current file system intact is not available if the selected partition is a new partition. The FAT file system option is not available if the selected partition is more than 32 gigabytes (GB). If the partition is larger than 2 GB, the Windows Setup program uses the FAT32 file system (you must press ENTER to confirm). If the partition is smaller than 2 GB, the Windows Setup program uses the FAT16 file system.
Note If you deleted and created a new System partition, but you are installing Windows XP on a different partition, you will be prompted to select a file system for both the System and startup partitions. 11. After the Windows Setup program formats the partition, follow the instructions that appear on the screen to continue. After the Windows Setup program is completed, you can use the Disk Management tools in Windows XP to create or format more partitions.
For additional information about how to use the Windows XP Disk Management tools to partition and format your hard disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
For additional information about how to troubleshoot partition problems in Windows XP, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
For additional information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
For additional information about how to create and manage partitions in Windows XP, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
APPLIES TOKeywords: kbhowtomaster kbtshoot kbfilesystems kbenv kbsetup KB313348
You are encouraged to make links to this article from your website and tell your friends
The following article is based on years of experience. It is provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of this advice.
Copying the contents for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without Directron.com's written consent. However, you are welcome to distribute these computer support tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes and you acknowledge the source..Here are some sites on the same or related topics: System Optimization Information, reviews, and much more.
The following advises are based on many years of experience. They are provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of these advises. You are welcome to distribute these tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes.
No sound is heard from audio (music) CDs
Various conditions may cause this problem. To troubleshoot, check the following:
Joystick port is not working
To troubleshoot, check the following:
Computer hangs or restarts during installation
A hardware conflict may cause the computer to hang or restart during the installation procedure. Check the following to resolve the conflict:
Resolving hardware conflicts
Hardware conflicts occur when two or more devices contend for the same resources. Conflicts between your audio card and another device may occur regarding the I/O address, IRQ line, or DMA channel:\
